In this article, it is argued that there is variation in the meaning of managerial competence for members of groups dealing with managers, and empirical study is proposed to grasp it. Next, application of this proposal is shown through a qualitative study using phenomenography method with 33 participants from employees of an organization. Research data is gathered through semi-structured interviews, and analysis shows six qualitatively different ways of experiencing managerial competence: Competence as being referral, as being developer, as being enabler, as being director, as being institutionalizer, and as being representative. In addition, these ways of experiencing are seen as embedded in a hierarchy constituted by four levels of person

Today competition is very intense and companies are looking for customer retention to survive. The fact that customers' demands, needs, and expectations change emphasizes the necessity of checking customer loyalty continuously. Attracting customer loyalty requires the exploitation and successful implementation of new ideas that called innovation. Also, considering the importance of special customer equity, it tries to improve customer loyalty. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the impact of innovation on customer loyalty by considering the role of customer equity. Advertising has been considered as a moderator variable. This study is an applied and descriptive study. For data collection, a standard questionnaire was used to

The prerequisite for success in this field is to pay attention to the organizational culture and its changes. This paper is studying “process of strong breaking and weak training culture in Iranian state organizations”. Considering the research methodology, and using the theory of database, a suitable model was designed and tested. A sample of 25 university elites and experts selected by Snowball method, and with the help of exploratory and coding-focused interviews, 16 categories and 72 concepts obtained and then the final model presented with focused coding and selective coding. The proposed model tested and confirmed through data gathered by a validated questionnaire from 385 managers and experts of governmental organizations. In the

ConclusionChanges in some of actions in the majority of companies are the same and can be considered as general marketing and sales strategies during the recession, such as “the presentation and diversification of discounts”,“the distribution based on market demand”,“the increase of advertising budget and promotion” and “improvement of production technology”. Some of the actions in different companies have changed differently, such as “comparing products prices to that of the rivals”,“inventory”,“outsourcing of distribution activities”,“advertising in radio and television” and “the provision of new products related to current products”. Besides, people will not be able to purchase in recession which force

Human resource management today is more than ever encountered with the diversity of human resources in the organization. One of the factors of this diversity, in addition to other differences, is the difference between generations. The difference between generations has always been a problem. The purpose of the present research is to identify the generational differences between employees of public organizations. This research in terms of approach and strategy is in the category of qualitative research. Also, the present study is descriptive-exploratory type. The statistical population of the present study was executives and assistants of public agencies and organizations of Qazvin province. In order to identify the differences a semi-struc

Since the main mission of public organizations is to continuously improve the quality of services provided to citizens, cynic employees are seriously threatened by the severe impact of the workplace to fulfilling this important mission. Therefore, it is necessary that each organization design strategies to minimize organizational cynicism. Accordingly, the present study considers the effect of the organizational goal ambiguity on organizational cynicism with regard to the important factor of "perception of organizational politics". The statistical population consisted of managers and staffs of 18 public organizations, of which 926 were selected randomly for the sample. For data collection, a questionnaire was used in Likert scale. Validity

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons and factors that will improve the survival of employees in the organization. In other words, we seek the answer to the question “why don’t people leave their jobs for another destination?” For this purpose, this study uses the concept of job embeddedness to examine the factors affecting the survival of employees. Method: In this research, based on a qualitative approach to theme analysis, some semi-structured interviews were initially conducted with some of the managers and experts of the National Bank of Iran (mainly located in Tehran), and five themes (factors) of job embeddedness were extracted based on the coding of the data. Subsequently, a questionnaire was develop

Purpose Firms are working in a complex environment in which the updated information increase the pace of precise decision making and reduce the risk of wrong decisions. Therefore, discovering firms’ performance is a major issue. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of Iranian plastic producing companies by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). It also discovers various drivers that significantly affect the efficiency of enterprises. Design/methodology/approach The authors studied a sample of 17 manufacturing firms to examine the relative efficiency of companies. They, then, evaluated the effects of efficiency drivers and used two methods for these purposes: DEA and bootstrapped Tobit regression model. Findings The

Personality traits and their relation with emotional intelligence and psychological ownership (PO) have to be considered in public-sector organizations, because employees who work in the public sector may have fewer mechanisms to increase their feelings of PO toward their organization. Thus, with regard to conditions of public organizations, more attention should be paid to structural and organizational contexts while investigating the relations between personality traits, emotional intelligence and PO. The aim of the research is to probe the effect of personality traits on PO in a public organization with regard to the mediating role of emotional intelligence. SPSS and Smart PLS software applications were used to test the research hypothes

The present study seeks to design a model for organizational civilization in governmental organizations. This research is practical in terms of its fundamental purpose and it is mixed-exploratory in nature. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes the experts in human resources and organizational behavior. Purposeful and snowball sampling methods were used to identify the experts. Due to the adequacy of data, 20 experts participated in this study. To test the model, 384 employees of governmental agencies were selected using available method. The data were analyzed using data-driven theory and the structural equation approach. The data were collected through deep interviews along with a 49-item questionnaire. The data-b